Indigenous Peoples

The Invisible Scars: How the Treaty of Tordesillas Erased Indigenous Worlds

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The Treaty of Tordesillas: Devastating Impact on Indigenous Peoples

The year is 1494. Across the vast, tempestuous Atlantic, two European powers, Spain and Portugal, etched an invisible line across a world they barely understood. This was the Treaty of Tordesillas, a pact born of ambition and greed, which, with a stroke of a quill, divided the newly discovered lands of the Americas, Africa, and … Read more

The Sun, the Cross, and the Sword: Spain’s Great American Venture

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Spanish Colonization of the Americas: Conquest, Culture, and Consequences

The year is 1492. The air in Granada, Spain, is thick with the scent of victory. For centuries, the Reconquista, the long struggle to expel Muslim Moors from the Iberian Peninsula, had defined the Spanish spirit. Now, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon stood triumphant, their banners flying over the last Moorish … Read more