The Rise of Muscovy: How a Small Duchy Forged a Russian Colossus

The Rise of Muscovy: Forging a Russian State

The vast expanse of Eastern Europe, a land of dense forests, mighty rivers, and enduring spirits, was once a mosaic of squabbling principalities. For centuries after the shattering of Kyivan Rus’ by the Mongol invasions, the land now known as Russia was fragmented, its peoples scattered under the yoke of the Golden Horde. Yet, from … Read more

How Serfdom Hardwired Extractive Institutions into the Russian Economy

Serfdom's Lasting Grip: How Russia's Past Shaped its Economy

Just think: vast, sprawling estates under an unforgiving sun, the rhythmic toil of peasants bound to the land not by choice, but by birthright. This was the reality for millions in Russia for centuries, a system known as serfdom, and its shadow stretches deep into the very fabric of Russia’s economic and institutional DNA. For … Read more